Is it considered betting/gambling if there is no money or loss of property involved? For example, they would race to see who is faster, and the loser is given a punishment. Though they use the term 'bet', I think this falls outside of it, and is instead a form of humiliation and leads to enmity

Imam Ibn Baz said gambling is a contest over money, and a foot race with nothing at stake is allowed. Shaykh Ibn Uthaymin counted a service as a stake too, so a forfeit like doing a chore is not allowed outside horse, camel and archery contests. A punishment that harms or humiliates the loser is not allowed, and Imam Ibn Baz said a game that leads to insults and enmity is not allowed.